Grenache: In-Depth Grape Varietal Profile

A Grenache Definition

Have you ever wondered what is garnache? Well Grenache grapes, also known as Garnacha grapes in Spain or Garnache, are renowned for their pivotal role in the world of viticulture. Originating most likely in the northern province of Aragon, Spain, Grenache has become one of the most widely planted red grape varietals globally. Its significant presence in the Rhone Valley of southern France further underscores its importance. But, being such a widely cultivated variety, it is necessary to keep something in mind: if the crops are not managed with care, these European grapes can give yields that are too high. And that, as we know, is likely to result in an inexpensive wine.

Characterized by a relatively low pigment and malic acid content, Grenache grapes tend to oxidize readily. This feature, along with its thin skin and lack of colouring phenolic compounds, makes Grenache particularly suitable for producing pale rosé wines. Grenache grapes are also used to make sweet fortified wines, like the vin doux of Roussillon. If you want to learn about what does Grenache wine taste like, read a detailed Grenache wine description or learn about what is Grenache wine similar to, then you must read our complete in-depth guide about Grenache wines.

Fun Facts about Grenache Grapes

• Synonyms: Grenache is a grape of many monikers. While it is known as Grenache in France, it's called Garnacha or Garnacha Tinto in Spain, Alicante Nero, Cannonau or Tocai Rosso Nero in Italy, and interestingly, one of its lesser-known names is "Hairy Grenache," thanks to its hairy leaves. In some places, it is also known as Grenache Noir or Grey Grenache. This can lead to a confusion between Garnacha vs Grenache or Grenache Noir vs Grenache.
• Cultivation: In terms of land dedicated to a single grape variety, Grenache holds a significant position, surpassing even well-known grape varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. This is largely due to extensive vineyards in northern Spain, where Garnacha is a staple table wine.
• Blend Component: although most consumed as varietal wines, Grenache grapes are also a key component in some of the most luxurious and expensive wines, such as those from the Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC or the Rhone blends, with grapes like Syrah, Mourvèdre, and Viognier. Its ability to enhance the performance of other wine grapes in blended wines is well recognized.
• Grenache flavor profile: Have you wondered how Grenache tastes like? Well, wine produced from these grapes is known for its broad spectrum of flavours. Garnacha wines notes usually range from fruity flavors like red berries or black cherry to more earthy flavors like tar, pepper, and leather. For this reason, is perfect to pair with bold foods, like roasted meats. On the other hand United States Grenache tasting notes tends to range from ripe red berry to plushy notes.
• Global Travels: While Grenache is a native grape of Spain, its journey has been quite extensive, finding a significant place in the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France before becoming prominent in the southern Rhône.
• High Alcohol Content: Due to its long growing season, Grenache typically produces wine with a higher alcohol content, often hovering around 15%.
• Unexpected Places: Grenache vines have been cultivated in some unique locations around the globe, including countries like Algeria, Tunisia, and China.
• Diversity in Wine: from a dry to a sweet wine style, there is most likely at least 1 Grenache wine that fits your palate. For this reason, Grenache can be served with a wide range of food pairings
• Different grape varieties of the same family: The Garnacha family have different members- Although the most known is Garnacha Tinta (red Grenache), there are other members such as Garnacha Blanca (White Grenache), Garnacha Gris (Grenache Gris, most used in Rosé wine production), Garnacha Peluda (Hairy Grenache), and although its a hybrid grape, Garnacha Tintorera (Alicante Bouschet).

A Little Bit of History

The history of the Grenache grape is a captivating tale that intertwines complexity with fascination. Evidence from botany traces its existence as far back as 153 BC, while the first documented reference to Grenache can be found in a record from 1513, specifically in the Aragón region of Spain. The combination of a warm and arid climate, elevated terrains and diverse soils in this area provided the perfect nurturing environment for this grape variety.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, during the expansion of the Crown of Aragón, Grenache embarked on a journey across various Mediterranean regions. It ventured into territories like Roussillon and Southern France, Sardinia, Italy, and even parts of Greece. Particularly in France, especially in the Southern Rhône Valley, Grenache assumed a pivotal role as a key component in renowned blends like Châteauneuf-du-Pape.

From the 18th to the 20th centuries, Grenache set off on a global expedition. It found its way to Africa through the French colonies and played a significant role in kick-starting the wine industry in Australia, where it was among the first grape varieties introduced in the 18th century. In the United States, notably in California, Grenache gained recognition for its ability to yield abundant crops and thrive in hot and arid conditions.

Today, Grenache is celebrated for its versatility and the distinct characteristics it imparts to wines. It is experiencing a renaissance, especially in its European homeland, where winemakers and wine enthusiasts are reconnecting with their cherished traditions. They are crafting modern interpretations from Spanish Protected Designations of Origin (PDOs) like Calatayud, Campo de Borja, Cariñena, Somontano, Terra Alta and French regions like Roussillon with PDOs & Protected Geographical Indications (PGIs).

From Spain's bold and fruity expressions to France's refined and structured wines and Australia's vibrant styles, Grenache continues to enthrall wine enthusiasts with its remarkable adaptability. It remains a timeless grape variety, consistently delivering exceptional wines in diverse regions across the globe.

Viticultural Conditions and Influence of Terroir in Grenache Grapes

Grenache thrives in specific viticultural conditions that contribute significantly to their growth and the wines' characteristics.

Ideal Viticultural Conditions for Grenache Grapes

• Soil Types: Grenache prefers hot, dry soils that are well-drained. It is relatively adaptable to various soil types, but it particularly thrives in schist, granite, stony soil with heat-retentive stones and crumbly schist soil in regions like Priorat.
• Temperature Range: Grenache requires a warm climate, ideally in regions where it can receive ample sunlight and heat. The grape is known for its ability to withstand hot and dry conditions.
• Rainfall: The Grenache grape's adaptability to varying water conditions is highlighted by its average rainfall requirements. In the Rhône Valley, a region renowned for its Grenache wines, the average annual rainfall is around 120 mm. In contrast, the Priorat region, another key area for Grenache cultivation, receives between 400-600 mm of rainfall annually. This range demonstrates the grape's ability to thrive in environments with varied water availability bolstered by its inherent drought resistance.
• Growing Degree Days (GDD): Grenache typically requires an average of 1693 GDD. This figure underscores the grape's need for a warm climate and a long growing season. Being one of the last grapes to be harvested, Grenache's high GDD requirement is reflective of its need for extended periods of warmth and sunlight to reach full ripeness, crucial for developing its characteristic flavours and high sugar content.
• Altitude Influence: Altitude can influence the temperature and sunlight exposure the vines receive, impacting the ripening process and flavour profile of the grapes. For this reason, this grape is planted at high altitudes in regions such as the Ebro Valley.

Influence on Grape Characteristics

The characteristics of Grenache grapes are significantly influenced by the conditions in which they are grown. The grape's resilience in hot and dry climates plays a crucial role in the development of its high sugar levels. This often results in wines with a substantial alcohol content, typically reaching or exceeding 15% ABV.

Additionally, Grenache's preference for certain soil types, particularly schist and granite, notably impacts its flavour profile. These soil conditions contribute to the complexity and depth of the flavours in the wines produced from these grapes.

Moreover, in areas like Priorat, where Grenache vines are not excessively irrigated, the grapes tend to develop a higher concentration of phenolic compounds. This leads to the production of darker, more tannic wines, showcasing how vineyard practices and terroir intricately shape the qualities of Grenache wines.